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IL-1α is a proinflammatory cytokine that is not secreted; it is produced by various cells like monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes, and other epithelial cells. Both IL-1α and IL-1β bind to the same receptor and share similar, if not identical, biological properties. These cytokines have diverse effects, including stimulating thymocyte proliferation by triggering IL-2 release, fostering B-cell maturation and proliferation, exhibiting mitogenic FGF-like activity, and prompting the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.
However, there is a notable difference: IL-1β is secreted, while IL-1α primarily remains associated with cells. The recombinant Human IL-1α is an 18.0 kDa protein comprising 159 amino acid residues.
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